Causes and Consequences of the Reformation Essay

There were several causes of the Reformation. Some of them were short-term causes and others were long-term causes. One of the long-term causes of the Reformation was that many people thought that the Church was not following the Bible. For example, many people were unhappy with the idea of indulgences. Indulgences were gifts that people gave to the Church so their sins would be forgiven. In 1517 Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany. They spoke against the theory of indulgences. Luther said they were very secular because mostly rich people were able to give indulgences, but that did not mean that the poor people were bad because they had no money for indulgences. This was like selling forgiveness to the people. So the rich thieves would be forgiven because they were so rich, but he poor slaves would not be forgiven because they had no money. Another cause of the Reformation was that the Church was having some major problems at the time, other than many people trying to break away from it. For example, the Great Schism. The Great Schism greatly reduced the Church?s popularity when there was so much confusion over who was Pope. In 1378 the Cardinals in Rome elected Prignano to be Pope, but they soon chose Robert of Geneva to be Pope. Robert called himself Clement VIII and left Rome to Avingnon. Much chaos followed because the Pope was not home to solve problems with Protestants, etc. A third long-term cause was that the Church owned lots of land. This was an economic reason. In Germany, for example, the Church owned about one-third of all the land, but it did not pay taxes on it. So the other landowners were forced to pay much higher taxes. To add to that, the Church had the power to collect its own taxes. This made it seem to the people of the German states that much of the money went out of their country and into Rome. In response to this, many European rulers now had a good reason to break away from the Church and collect taxes on the Church?s land. In 1524 German peasants rebelled because of such high taxes. At least 100,000 lost their lives when the revolt was put down. Yet a fourth short-term cause of the Reformation was that ideas began to spread quicker. For example, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. He made the first printed book in Europe. As more people began to read and understand the Bible, they began to see what the Church was doing wrong. Writers were now able to publish their books and sell them for much less than hand-written books. Many more people owned books now. This is how ideas began to spread. Another way that ideas spread was through traveling students, artists, and writers. As they traveled around Europe, they took their ideas with them. There were also consequences of the Reformation. Some of them were short-term consequences and some were also long-term consequences. One of the long-term consequences of the Reformation was that many people broke away from the Catholic Church. For example, when Luther came, many people broke away from the Church and became Lutherans. They believed in his ideas that the Catholic Church was nonreligious and thought it fair to break away. Another group of Protestants in Europe was the Anabaptists. This group of people in Switzerland followed Ulrich Zwingli. This group of people was much like the Lutherans, but they believed that people did not have to be forced to go to Church. Other people broke away and became Calvinists, following John Calvin and his idea of predestination. Calvinism was also much like Lutheranism, but Calvin believed that God had already set a fate or destiny for people. In France, Calvinists were called Huguenots. Another example of people breaking away from the Catholic Church is the foundation of the Anglican Church. This break-away, however was much different from the others. In this case, King Henry VIII of England fell in love with a sixteen-year-old girl named Anne Boleyn. The problem was that he was already married, but the Catholic Church forbade divorce. So what Henry did was he broke all of England away from the Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church, which allowed him to divorce his wife. Then he was able to marry Anne Boleyn. This change, though, did not make the Anglican Church Protestant. It still continued many of the Catholic practices. Yet in 1570, Anne Boleyn became the head of the Anglican Church and pronounced England Protestant. Another consequence of the Reformation was that many rulers, like Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, tried to stop the Protestants. Charles V was not unsuccessful, though. In 1555, he and the German princes signed a treaty called the Peace of Augsburg. This agreement forced Charles V to recognize the Lutheran Church. He could no longer have any affect on the local religion. In France there was a giant dispute between the Catholics and the Huguenots. The French rulers made an attempt to end the violence in 1572 with a marriage between the rulers of the two opposing groups, but they failed. Finally, in 1598 King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, allowing the Huguenots to continue their practices peacefully and ending the violence. Another example of this consequence is when Zwingli tried to establish his Anabaptist church in Switzerland he was attacked. The leaders of Switzerland ended the conflict in 1531 and allowed each local government to choose the religion of their canton themselves. Through all of these attempts to stop the Protestants, the Catholic Church lost a big part of its influence and money, and the national governments gained more money and power. A third consequence of the Reformation was that the Catholic Church was finally forced to reform itself. This was a huge change for the Church. They appeased both the reformers and the conservatives, emphasized good deeds, gave people more free will, banned books, put the Pope in charge, and revived the inquisition. Although the Church lost lots of money during the Reformation, peace finally followed.

Nursing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Nursing Theory - Essay Example tions are: 1) the fundamental concern and core category will emerge with consistent use of the theory, 2) the social organization of a group exists and is available to be discovered and 3) the concerns of the participants’ rather than those of the researcher are the focus of the research (Artinian, Giske, & Cone, 2009). I agree with Brittany Freeland that in nursing practice there are four levels of nursing theories which are grand theory, middle range theory, Meta theory and practice theory. Abstractness and specificity of ideas and propositions distinguish the levels (Roy & Roy Adaptation Association, 2014). The specialized knowledge in the nursing profession is based on research and theory. Nursing theories provide and implement nursing theory-guided practice models. Nursing professional is important for testing, developing and refining nursing theory. The development of nursing theories has been strengthened by dialogue and reflection of genuine nursing situations. Nurses in the professional are guided by their beliefs, values and knowledge. The beliefs, knowledge and values are reflected in the information about the nursing meta-paradigm, theories and philosophies (Parker & Smith, 2010). Employing nursing theories helps nurses to improve the care they offer to patients and guidance on how to d evelop nurse-patient relationship. Roy theory is a grand theory that can be used in nursing research. This theory states the goal of nursing is to help the patient adapt to illness so as to react to other stimuli. The theory describes that an individual adapts to the environment through four procedures: self-concept, psychological processes and needs, interdependence and role mastery (Roussel, 2013). The application of Roy’s theory in research is highlighted in the article Role tuning between caregiver and care receiver during discharge transition: An illustration of role function mode in Roy’s Adaptation Theory (Shyu,

I can do anything as good as you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I can do anything as good as you - Essay Example Despite the optimistic perspective and the lure of higher income expected from the demands of the job, the experience of Eisenberg, and other women from the construction workforce indicated that the percentage was permanently pegged at 2 percent since 1980. In this regard, the essay aims to critically analyze the capacity of women to work on an equal footing with men, especially in professions that have been stereotyped as predominantly of men’s domain. The first and critical issue that needs to be addressed is can women do the job? Can women become carpenters, electricians, ironworkers, painters and plumbers? Despite the small percentage of the female gender that delved into these professions, Eisenberg proved that women can to the job – with loads of determination, patience, the will to overcome challenges, and the persistence to succeed. The Nontraditional Employment for Women (NEW) â€Å"trains women and places them in  careers in the skilled construction, utilit y, and maintenance trades, helping women achieve economic independence and a secure future† (par. 1). As of 2005, NEW revealed that the percentage of women as construction workers have already risen to 3% (NEW, par. 5). The advantages of pursuing this particular career path are: (1) high remuneration (of as much as $10 to $17 per hour during the first year, to increase to as much as $45 per hour upon completion of the apprenticeship program); (2) availment of excellent medical benefits; (3) other benefits such as pensions and paid annuities are offered; and (4) various kinds of training in stages and phases of work are given and availed of (NEW: Programs, pars. 7 - 10). On the other hand, despite the lucrative opportunities of the profession, most women opt to avoid working as construction laborers for the reasons such as: (1) job responsibilities and tasks are mentally and physically demanding; (2) working hours are generally way too early than traditional working hours; (3) outdoor work all throughout the year is required; and (4) perceived male dominance is seen as a barrier to entry (NEW: Programs, pars. 11 - 14). The next concern is should women do the job? The answer is a resounding why not? All challenges enumerated above could be addressed through appropriate training and by giving incentives and support. The fact that the women interviewed by Eisenberg have proven that they can do the job indicates that the demands, knowledge, skills and abilities needed to accomplish required tasks could be developed in women, with proper training and experience. Further, just like in every other endeavor, success in a career begins with one’s genuine interest and enthusiasm to delve into the chosen field. Nothing is really impossible when one puts one’s mind and heart into any endeavor worth pursuing. Regrettably, the labor movement has remained compliant to the plight of tradeswomen. As revealed by Eisenberg in her official website continue to r aise the public and legislator’s awareness on the need, not only to announce the governmental policies on offering construction jobs and apprenticeship to women, but more so, on active promotion and enforcement of these policies to increase participation and outcome. As averred â€Å"In a 1994 interview with LA ironworker Mary Michels, I asked her how many women she thought would be working in construction. Her response: â€Å"

Typology, Diagram and Transformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Typology, Diagram and Transformation - Essay Example Without discussing typography, the basic element of architecture, and the basis, in his opinion, of all building, then the exclusion of this topic causes all other discussions to be impossible or implausible. But typology is a fairly new notion and has not been introduced into past discussions of architecture. It has existed as an ill-defined concept, but not as the essential building block of architectural theory. The transformation of port cities in Europe began as soon as they were erected but increased in recent decades as factors such as population increases/decreases, economic events, security events and others have played a role. The transformations of London's port and Rotterdam's port, and the big differences between both, will be discussed. Also a consideration in those transformations is the diagram, the blueprint, the architect and his imprint upon that city. City councils and planning committees can propose many changes to a city, but without the ingenuity and vision of the architect, only the same type of building will be developed that they were all familiar with, often bringing the same problems, such as its dimension, usefulness or cost. Sometimes the diagram of the building will become a microcosm for a diagram of the city itself. A definition: a study of types of elements that cannot be further reduced (Rossi), which include the elements of a building or the elements of a city, depending on the scope of the discussion; a constant; a necessity for describing form and function. Quatremere de Quincy defined the typological category between 1825 and 1832 in the Encyclopdie mthodique and the Dictionnaire historique. In the historical dictionary, type provides a regulative principle governing the formal and practical aspects of architecture, to wit: "The word type represents not so much the image of a thing to be copied as the idea of an element that must itself serve as a rule for the model. The model, understood in terms of the practical execution of art, is an object that must be repeated such as it is; type, on the contrary, is an object according to which one can conceive of works that do not resemble one another at all. Everything is precise and given in the model; everything is more or less vague in the type." Typology is, for Quatremere, "the antithesis of the repeatable object." The demands of a typological "norm" regulate architecture to achieve concrete forms and specific buildings with design decisions that articulate the model. It was Aldo Rossi who helped make topological theory a reality in his published essays, "The Architecture of a City", written in 1966 (D. Sherer 1966). Rossi incorporated all his thoughts about typology into his designs. But it was in the Baroque age that Borromini brought typology to play when he constructed the Palazzo Carpegna (ca. 1640) and harmonized the geometry of the form with the demands of the site. He also organized the "axiality of his palace around an ellipse which suddenly erupts within its central core" (D. Sherer 1966).

National Programme for Information Technology Essay

National Programme for Information Technology - Essay Example The NPFiT programme is designed to be in ten years and deliver key elements that are concerned with NHS care record service (National patient Record Spine and Local Service Providers), electronic bookings, electronic transmission of prescriptions and underpinning IT infrastructure and network. The implementation of the program will involve new technology and information systems are being implemented in planned phases both at national and local levels. National Application Service Providers are responsible for purchasing and integrating IT systems common to all users nationally whereas locally, this will be provided by Local Service Providers across ten strategic health authorities in England grouped into three regional programmes. Their mandate is to ensure that the local systems that exist or being put into use go hand in hand in meeting the national standards that will also facilitate the flow of data nationally and locally.This program has key components set up to deliver the new IT systems and services that include the national network providing infrastructure and broadband connections for the NHS to enable patient information to be shared between organisations. Care records service ensures every patient will have his individual record easily accessible to him and health professionals hence reduce administrative and clinical errors. A national central database – referred to as Spine – will is the backbone of the project as it has a summary of patient records and key data. such as NHS numbers, demographic details, drug allergies, medications and significant diagnoses or problems. It will also point

Research problem that facing some student in the univ Paper

Problem that facing some student in the univ - Research Paper Example They have simplified complex problems and tasks, and with the advent of internet the computer technology has literally shrank the whole world into a global village. Loads of information is accessible to a wide number of people due to the computer technology. The field of education has also changed a lot due to the advent of computers. The whole educational system is now dependant on computers. Whether uploading one’s assignments or whether communicating to other fellow students, computers have enhanced the educational standards of the pupils. The knowledge that is now at student’s disposal is vast and this aids in learning of students. With the advent of computer technologies, there is no doubt that our lives have become comfortable, but this is only one side of the picture. The issues that the world is facing now due to computer technology are also significant. This technology has brought with itself great amount of troubles for the society. These troubles are increasingly making people think whether this technology has some real benefit or not. The educational sector is also facing technology related problems and these problems are increasing day by day. University campus is the main area that is affected by computer technologies. New and better equipment is at the disposal of the people that makes life faster and easier. But the same universities are now encountering with technology issues and especially computer related issues on campuses. The increasing use of computer has made our lives dependant on the technology and any interruption or breakdown of this technology can be very disturbing for the university staffs as well as the students. It is therefore very important for us to identify the problems students and university staff is facing and provide a solution that will make lives easier for them. This is the main aim of this research. But for that purpose it is very important to identify the computer related

The Types of Fishing Lines Essay Example for Free

The Types of Fishing Lines Essay The fishing line is considered as the most important tool of the fisherman. It is crucial in the presentation of the bait and the lure, in the hooking of the fish and in the landing of the hooked fish. However, most anglers are still confused over the current types of fishing lines and their respective uses. This is ironic, considering that thorough knowledge of the different kinds and functions of fishing lines can vastly improve one’s fishing skills (Sutton, 2008). Monofilament The monofilament fishing line is the most commonly-used type of fishing line. It is used on different fishing applications due to its strength, flexibility and adaptability. The monofilament fishing line is created through the heating of a mixture of polymers into fluid. This fluid is then made to pass through minute holes to form linear strands. The diameter of a strand, as well as its pound test, is determined by the size of the hole on which it was molded from (Garrison, 2008). Braided The braided fishing line is exceptionally strong and is very reliable in particular fishing conditions. It is produced through the braiding or weaving into a strand of line fibers of synthetic materials such as Spectra or Micro-Dyneema. The substances in which the braided fishing line was made of render it very durable and abrasion-resistant. Most fishermen, however, complain that it is very visible in the water – a fish will not bite a lure that it can see for a long period of time (Garrison, 2008). Fluorocarbon The fluorocarbon fishing line is well-known for its near-invisibility in water. This is because it is a polymer that has the same refractive index (the ability of a substance to bend light that passes through it) as water. The fluorocarbon is also very suitable for fishing in strong currents – it is heavier than the monofilament, making it sink faster. Because the fluorocarbon is less porous than the monofilament, it lasts longer than the latter. The only drawbacks of the fluorocarbon is that its ridged structure makes it unable to keep a knot longer than a monofilament does and that its stiff quality makes it prone to breakage (Zubia, 2006). Conclusion The three types of fishing lines – monofilament, braided and fluorocarbon – are all important tools in fishing. However, their indispensability can only be realized and appreciated through proper usage. A fisherman must know when, where and how to use them. Only then can the monofilament, braided and fluorocarbon can fully serve their respective purposes. References Garrison, R. About. com. (2008). What You Need to Know about Braided Fishing Line. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://fishing. about. com/library/weekly/aa110302a. htm Garrison, R. About. com. (2008). What You Need to Know about Monofilament Fishing Line. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://fishing.about. com/library/weekly/aa111702a. htm MSN Encarta. (2008). Fishing. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761556314/Fishing. html Sutton, K. Bass Pro Shops. (2008). Choosing the Right Fishing Line. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://www. basspro. com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CFPage? CMID=objectID=2943 Zubia, T. HookUpSportsfishing. (2006, May 13). Fluorocarbon Fishing Line. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://www. hookupsportfishing. com/forum/forum270/thread6433. html